{"id":96084,"date":"2022-05-17T15:34:27","date_gmt":"2022-05-17T10:04:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/?p=96084"},"modified":"2022-05-31T14:42:41","modified_gmt":"2022-05-31T09:12:41","slug":"data-communication-network-jaiib","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/","title":{"rendered":"Data Communication Network and EFT systems JAIIB E-book"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_77 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/#Download_Data_Communication_Network_and_EFT_Systems\" >Download Data Communication Network and EFT Systems<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/#Take_a_peek_at_the_Data_Communication_Network_E-book\" >Take a peek at the&nbsp;Data Communication Network&nbsp;E-book<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/#JAIIB_Study_Material_Compilation\" >JAIIB Study Material Compilation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Various data transmission components are usually used in data communications. The components are considered to create a network when they work together to share resources. Different data communication components make up data communication, and there are parts of them. In this blog you will learn about Data Communication Network and EFT Systems. It is very important for aspirants of the JAIIB exam to be aware of the Data Communication Network and EFT Systems. There are two JAIIB exams each year. Data Communication Network and EFT Systems will be discussed in this blog<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib-mock-test\/?ref=Cont-sou\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">attempt a free JAIIB Mock test<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Data_Communication_Network_and_EFT_Systems\"><\/span>Download Data Communication Network and EFT Systems<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/free-ebook-pdf-download\/?ref=cont-sou&amp;cat=jaiib&amp;next=https:\/\/bit.ly\/data-communication-EFT-JAIIB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download Data Communication Network E-book here<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to Download&nbsp;<strong>Data Communication Network <\/strong>E-book for JAIIB?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 1: Click on the&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/free-ebook-pdf-download\/?ref=cont-sou&amp;cat=jaiib&amp;next=https:\/\/bit.ly\/data-communication-EFT-JAIIB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">download<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong>link. You will be redirected to Oliveboard\u2019s FREE E-Books Page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1203\" height=\"548\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ebook-login-screen.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-92928\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 2: Create a free Oliveboard account or login using your existing Oliveboard account details<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Step 3: Download the book by clicking on the link presented on the page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Data Communication Networks<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Data communications reduce the time it takes to move data from a place of origin to a computer and data from the computer to the site of use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Components of Data Communications Networks<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Various data transmission components are usually used in data communications. The components are considered to create a network when they work together to share resources. Different data communication components make up data communication, and it is made up of three parts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Transmission Devices and Interface Equipment<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Electrical signals and bit sequences are used to represent numbers and characters when data is conveyed over the communication line between computer equipment.<\/li><li>A <strong>modem<\/strong> is a hardware or application that allows a computer to send data via a telephone or cable connection. Information saved on computers is stored digitally, but information sent via telephone lines is sent as analogue waves. Between these two versions, a modem transforms, and an interface device called a modem performs modem conversion between digital and analogue formats.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Transmission Medium<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Data must pass through some media during transmission when communicating between computers. Terrestrial, microwave, and satellite data communication systems are the most common.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(a) Terrestrial Cables (Three types)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Twisted-wire Pair: Two insulated copper wires are twisted together to form a twisted pair.<\/li><li>Coaxial cable is made up of an inner copper conductor that is kept in place by round spacers.<\/li><li>Optical Fibre: Optical fibre has revolutionised communications technology. It has a data throughput of 2 gigabits per second. Fibre Optics allows for high-speed, high-quality signal transmission. Electromagnetic interference has no effect. Data is sent by a laser beam through very thin glass or plastic fibres. The laser beam is the light source, which is powered by a high-speed, high-current driver.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(b) Microwave systems:<\/strong> A microwave system is a set of equipment that transmits microwave data. Radios mounted high atop microwave towers are used to transmit microwave communications utilising a line of sight microwave radio technology in a conventional microwave system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(c) Communication satellite:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A satellite is a body that travels around another body in a mathematically predictable Orbit.<\/li><li>A communication satellite is nothing more than a space-based microwave repeater station that aids in telecommunications, radio, and television, as well as internet applications.<\/li><li>A repeater is a circuit that amplifies the signal it receives and then retransmits it. However, in this case, the repeater acts as a transponder, switching the broadcast signal&#8217;s frequency range from the received one.<\/li><li>Uplink frequency refers to the frequency with which the signal is transmitted into space, whilst Downlink frequency refers to the frequency with which the signal is sent by the transponder.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Transmission Processors<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Transmission processors are designed to improve data communication between two places. The following are some examples of communications processors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A message switcher is a device that stores and forwards data to several terminals over a single communication channel.<\/li><li>A multiplexer sends several signals across a single communication channel at the same time.<\/li><li>The front end Processors for the host computer that intercept and manage communication activity. A device that connects the CPU to the host computer. It frees the computer from communication responsibilities, allowing it to focus on application processing.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Modes of transmission<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Simplex &#8211; data is sent in only one direction (commercial radio)<\/li><li>Half-duplex transmission sends data in both directions at the same time. WALKY TALKY WALKY<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/free-ebook-pdf-download\/?ref=cont-sou&amp;cat=jaiib&amp;next=https:\/\/bit.ly\/data-communication-EFT-JAIIB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Read More Here<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Take_a_peek_at_the_Data_Communication_Network_E-book\"><\/span><strong>Take a peek at the&nbsp;Data Communication Network&nbsp;E-book<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"452\" height=\"614\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Data-Communication-Networks-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-96090\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This was all about Data Communication Network and EFT Systems for JAIIB. Our goal is to provide candidates with information that will help them prepare for the JAIIB exam. Keep following Oliveboard for more updates. To stay updated, follow Oliveboard on <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/OB-FB-JAIIB-CAIIB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facebook<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/OB-TG-JAIIB-CAIIB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Telegram<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span>FAQs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1652781213836\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Q. What distinguishes RTGS from NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer)?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A. NEFT is an electronic financial transfer system that uses a Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) model. In other words, NEFT transactions are paid in batches, but in RTGS, each transaction is resolved separately. As a result, every transaction launched after a specified settlement\/cut-off time in NEFT must wait until the next specified settlement time.\u00a0<br\/><\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1652781249840\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Q. \u00a0What are the benefits of utilizing the NEFT system?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A. For cash transfer or reception, NEFT gives the following benefits:<br\/>&#8211; Availability every day of the year, 24 hours a day.<br\/>&#8211; Funds move to the recipient account in near-real-time and safe settlement.<br\/>&#8211; Pan-India coverage is provided through a wide network of bank branches of various       sorts.<br\/>&#8211; Interest penalty provision for late credit or transaction returns.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"JAIIB_Study_Material_Compilation\"><\/span>JAIIB Study Material Compilation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Principles And Practices Of Banking&nbsp;<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/principles-and-practices-of-banking\/\">Principles And Practices Of Banking | Study Notes For JAIIB (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reserve Bank of India<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/banking-awareness-notes-reserve-bank-of-india-rbi\/\">Reserve Bank of India: Organisation &amp; Functions \u2013 Oliveboard<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Types Of Shares And Their Issue<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/types-of-shares-and-their-issue\/\">Types Of Shares And Their Issue- Types, Classification, Bonus Shares (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Understanding The Balance Sheet And Its Format<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/understanding-the-balance-sheet-and-its-format\/\">Understanding The Balance Sheets And It\u2019s Format (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Accounting And Finance For Bankers<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/accounting-and-finance-for-bankers\/\">Accounting And Finance For Bankers | Study Notes For JAIIB (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assets &amp; Liabilities&nbsp;<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/assets-liabilities\/\">Assets &amp; Liabilities \u2013 Meaning, Legal Requirements and more (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Public Sector Banks And Cooperative Banks<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/public-sector-banks-and-cooperative-banks\/\">Public Sector Banks And Cooperative Banks | JAIIB Study Notes (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calculation of Interest and Annuities<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/calculation-of-interest-and-annuities\/\">Calculation of Interest and Annuities-Business Mathematics For JAIIB (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calculation of YTM<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/calculation-of-ytm\/?utm_source=rss&amp;utm_medium=rss&amp;utm_campaign=calculation-of-ytm\">Calculation of YTM(Yield to Maturity)-Basics of Business Mathematics (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Consumer Protection Act<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/consumer-protection-act\/\">Consumer Protection Act COPRA- Free Pdf Notes for JAIIB 2022 (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk and Basic Risk Management Framework<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/risk-and-basic-risk-management-framework-jaiib\/\">Risk and Basic Risk Management Framework JAIIB | Oliveboard<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risks in Banking Business<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/risks-in-banking-business\/\">Risk in Banking Business<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Functions of Bank<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/functions-of-bank\/\">Functions of Bank \u2013 Short Notes for JAIIB Exam | Oliveboard<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Payments and Collecting Cheques<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/free-ebook-pdf-download\/?ref=cont-sou&amp;cat=jaiib&amp;next=https:\/\/bit.ly\/Payment-collection-of-cheques-JAIIB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Payment and Collection of Cheques and Other Negotiable Instruments for JAIIB I Oliveboard<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data Communication Network <\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/free-ebook-pdf-download\/?ref=cont-sou&amp;cat=jaiib&amp;next=https:\/\/bit.ly\/data-communication-EFT-JAIIB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Data Communication Network and EFT Systems for JAIIB I Oliveboard<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Also Read:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/important-tips-to-crack-jaiib-exams\/\">5-Important Tips To Crack JAIIB Exams| Check Here (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/jaiib-frequently-asked-questions\/\">JAIIB Frequently Asked Questions- 2022| Check Here (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/jaiib-questions-pdf\/\">JAIIB Genius | JAIIB Weekly Quiz PDF \u2013 JAIIB Questions PDF (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/jaiib-full-form\/\">JAIIB Full Form \u2013 Junior Associate of the Indian Institute of Bankers (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/jaiib-and-caiib-books\/\">JAIIB and CAIIB Books- Exams Syllabus, Books, and more (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Also Check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/\">JAIIB 2022 Exam -Notification Released (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/notification\">JAIIB Notification 2022 \u2013 Notification PDF, Eligibility, (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/application-form\">JAIIB Apply Online \u2013 Application Form 2022, Fees, Instru (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/eligibility\">JAIIB Eligibility \u2013 Age, Degree, Nationality, Members (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/syllabus\">JAIIB Syllabus \u2013 Complete List of Papers, Modules (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/exam-pattern\">JAIIB Exam Pattern 2022 \u2013 Details of Pattern, Marking (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/admit-card\">JAIIB Admit Card November 2022 \u2013 Steps and Direct Download (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/jaiib\/cut-offs\">JAIIB 2022 Cut Offs \u2013 Check JAIIB Minimum Cut Off (oliveboard.in)<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Various data transmission components are usually used in data communications. The components are considered to create a network when they<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":96091,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,10353],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-jaiib","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Data Communication Networks and EFT Systems for JAIIB 2022<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The JAIIB exam covers Data Communication Networks and EFT Systems as a part of the syllabus. So, Data Communications Networks and EFT Systems (Unit-3) and other relevant details are available here.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/data-communication-network-jaiib\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Data Communication Network and EFT systems JAIIB E-book\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Various data transmission components are usually used in data communications. 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