{"id":9653,"date":"2023-02-23T10:56:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-23T05:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/?p=9653"},"modified":"2023-02-24T13:51:57","modified_gmt":"2023-02-24T08:21:57","slug":"biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Biosphere Reserves of India: Complete Study Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_77 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/#Definition_of_Biosphere_Reserves\" >Definition of Biosphere Reserves<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/#Functions_of_Biosphere_Reserves\" >Functions of Biosphere Reserves<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/#National_Biosphere_Reserve_Programme\" >National Biosphere Reserve Programme<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/#Criteria_for_Selection_of_Biosphere_Reserves\" >Criteria for Selection of Biosphere Reserves<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/#Structure_and_Design_of_Biosphere_Reserves\" >Structure and Design of Biosphere Reserves<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/#List_of_Biosphere_Reserves_of_India\" >List of Biosphere Reserves of India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/#How_Biosphere_Reserves_are_different_from_protected_areas_such_as_National_Parks_NP_and_Wildlife_SanctuariesWS\" >How Biosphere Reserves are different from protected areas such as National Parks (NP) and Wildlife Sanctuaries(WS)?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Biosphere reserves of India\u00a0form an important topic for the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/upsc-civil-services\/\"> UPSC CSE preparation<\/a>. This blog post covers all important points about it.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition_of_Biosphere_Reserves\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>Definition of Biosphere Reserves<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Biosphere Reserve (BR)<\/em> is an international designation by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/unesco-world-heritage-sites-india-list-notes-bank-government-exams\/\">UNESCO<\/a> for representative parts of natural and cultural landscap<\/span>e and e<span style=\"color: #000000;\">xtending over large area of terrestrial or coastal\/marine ecosystems or a combination thereof.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>BRs are thus special environments for both people and the nature and are living examples of how human beings and nature can co-exist while respecting each others\u2019 needs.<\/strong><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These areas are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO\u2019s Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme, after receiving consent of the participating country.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions_of_Biosphere_Reserves\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>Functions of Biosphere Reserves<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some functions of Biosphere Reserves are:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Conservation<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To ensure the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variations.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To encourage the traditional resource use systems<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To understand the patterns and processes of functioning of ecosystems<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To monitor the natural and human-caused changes on spatial and temporal scales<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Development<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To promote, at the local level, economic development which is culturally, socially and ecologically sustainable.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To develop the strategies leading to improvement and management of natural resources<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Logistics Support<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To provide support for research, monitoring, education and information exchange related to local, national and global issues of conservation and development<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Sharing of knowledge generated by research through site specific training and education; and<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Development of community spirit in the management of natural resources.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"National_Biosphere_Reserve_Programme\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>National Biosphere Reserve Programme<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">India has created a network of protected areas in the form of <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/national-parks-india\/\">106 National Parks<\/a><\/em>, <em>567 Wildlife Sanctuaries,<\/em>\u00a0<em>50 Tiger Reserves<\/em> and <em>32 Elephant Reserves<\/em>. The area covered under protected area network accounts for around 5.28% of the total geographical area of the country. The rich biodiversity in India has given shape to variety of cultural and ethnic diversity. <\/span>It <span style=\"color: #000000;\">includes over 573 tribal communities of 227 ethnic groups spread over 5,000 forest villages.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The national Biosphere Reserve Programme was initiated in 1986 and its aims and objectives are described in the following sections.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Aims of the Scheme<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To serve as wider base for conservation of entire range of living resources and their ecological foundations in addition to already established protected area network system<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To bring out representative ecosystems under conservation and sustainable use on a long term basis.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To ensure participation of local inhabitants for effective management and devise means of improving livelihood of the local inhabitants through sustainable use.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To integrate scientific research with traditional knowledge of conservation, education and training as a part of the overall management of BR.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Objectives of the Scheme<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It must&nbsp;be noted that BRs are not a substitute or alternative, but a re-enforcement to the existing protected areas. The objectives of the Biosphere Reserve programme are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To conserve the diversity and integrity of plants and animals within natural ecosystems<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To safeguard genetic diversity of species on which their continuing evolution depends; <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To provide areas for multi-faceted research and monitoring<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To provide facilities for education and training; and<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 To ensure sustainable use of natural resources through most appropriate technology for improvement of economic well-being of the local people.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Criteria_for_Selection_of_Biosphere_Reserves\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Criteria for Selection of Biosphere Reserves<\/strong><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The criteria for selection of sites for BRs are&nbsp;listed below:-<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Primary Criteria<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 A site that must contain an effectively protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation<\/span>. It <span style=\"color: #000000;\">should include additional land and water suitable for research and demonstration of sustainable methods of research and management.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 The core area should be typical of a biogeographical unit and large enough to sustain viable populations representing all tropic levels in the ecosystem.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Secondary Criteria<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Areas having rare and endangered species<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Areas having diversity of soil and micro-climatic conditions and indigenous varieties of biota.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use of environment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio  is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper video-seo-youtube-embed-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-seo-youtube-player\" data-id=\"RCRNP9dCb14\"><\/div><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure_and_Design_of_Biosphere_Reserves\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Structure and Design of Biosphere Reserves<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In order to undertake complementary activities of biodiversity conservation and development of sustainable management aspects, Biosphere Reserves are demarcated into three inter-related zones. These are:-<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\">(I) &nbsp; Natural or Core Zone<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The core zone is kept absolutely undisturbed. It must contain suitable habitat for numerous plant and animal species, including higher order predators and may contain centres of endemism. Core areas often conserve the wild relatives of economic species and also represent important genetic reservoirs. The core zones also contain places of exceptional scientific interest. A core zone secures legal protection and management and research activities that do not affect natural processes and wildlife are allowed. Strict nature reserves and wilderness portions of the area are designated as core areas of BR. The core zone is to be kept free from all human pressures external to the system.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\">(II) &nbsp;Manipulation or Buffer Zone<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the Buffer Zone, which adjoins or surrounds the core z<\/span>on<span style=\"color: #000000;\">e<\/span>. It<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> uses and activities are managed in ways that protect the core zone. These uses and activities include restoration, demonstration sites for enhancing value addition to the resources, limited recreation, tourism, fishing and grazing, which are permitted to reduce its effect on the core zone. Research and educational activities are to be encouraged. Human activities, if natural within BR, are likely to be permitted to continue if these do not adversely affect ecological diversity.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\">(III) Transition Zone Outside the Buffer Zone<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Transition Zone is the outermost part of a Biosphere Reserve. This is usually not delimited one and is a zone of cooperation where conservation, knowledge and management skills are applied and uses are managed in harmony with the purpose of the Biosphere Reserve. This includes settlements, crop lands, managed forests and area for intensive recreation, and other economic uses characteristic of the region.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"427\" height=\"306\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/biosphere-reserve-zoning-biosphere-reserves-in-india-complete-list-upsc-cse-civil-services-ias-preparation-notes.jpg\" alt=\"biosphere reserve zoning biosphere reserves of india upsc complete list civil services ias preparation notes\" class=\"wp-image-9658\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In Buffer Zone and the Transition Zones, manipulative macro-management practices are used. Experimental research areas are used for understanding the patterns and processes in the ecosystem. Modified or degraded landscapes are included as rehabilitation areas. <\/span>It<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> restore the ecology in a way that it returns to sustainable productivity.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"List_of_Biosphere_Reserves_of_India\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>List of Biosphere Reserves of India<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1087\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Major-Biosphere-Reserves-of-India-UPSC-Preparation-Notes-Ias-notes-Clear-ias-notes.png\" alt=\"Major Biosphere Reserves of India UPSC Preparation Notes Ias notes Clear ias notes\" class=\"wp-image-9659\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nine of the eighteen biosphere reserves of India are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (* marked in the above image), based on the UNESCO MAN and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Biosphere_Reserves_are_different_from_protected_areas_such_as_National_Parks_NP_and_Wildlife_SanctuariesWS\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>How Biosphere Reserves are different from protected areas such as National Parks (NP) and Wildlife Sanctuaries(WS)?<\/strong><\/em> <\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It must&nbsp;be noted that the BR is not intended to replace existing protected areas but to&nbsp;widen the scope of conventional approach of protection and further strengthens the Protected Area Network. Existing legally protected areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve and reserve\/protected forests) may become part of the BR without any change in their legal status. On the other hand, inclusion of such areas in a BR will enhance their national value. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;However, the Biosphere Reserves differ from protected areas due to their emphasis on : <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(i) Conservation of overall biodiversity and landscape, rather than some specific flagship species, to allow natural and evolutionary processes to continue without any hindrance. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(ii) Different components of BRs like landscapes, habitats, and species and land races. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(iii) Developmental activities, and resolution\/mitigation of conflicts between development and conservation, <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(iv) Increase in broad-basing of stakeholders, especially local people\u2019s participation and their Training, compared to the features of scheme on Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(v) Sustainable environment friendly development, and sustained coordination amongst different development organizations and agencies. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(vi) Research and Monitoring to understand the structure and functioning of ecological system and their mode of reaction when exposed to human intervention<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hope this gives you all the information you need.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Stay tuned for more!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biosphere reserves of India\u00a0form an important topic for the UPSC CSE preparation. This blog post covers all important points about<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9656,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,1212,60,2586,2248],"tags":[2469,2690,2691,2532,2483,2456,648,2686,2688,2687,2617,2328,2286,2689,2528,2692],"class_list":["post-9653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-featured","category-general-knowledge","category-notes","category-upsc-cse","tag-best-resources-for-upsc-cse","tag-biosphere-reserves","tag-biosphere-reserves-in-india","tag-civil-services-exam-upsc","tag-crack-upsc-cse-exam-guide","tag-exam-notes-for-upsc-civil-services","tag-free","tag-free-notes","tag-free-notes-for-upsc-cse-civila-services","tag-free-notes-for-upsce","tag-free-resources","tag-general-studies-upsc-cse-exam","tag-ias-exam","tag-ias-exam-notes","tag-mock-tests-online-upsc","tag-world-wide-network-of-biosphere-reserves","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Biosphere Reserves of India: Complete Study Notes - Oliveboard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Biosphere Reserves of India UPSC : Definition , Functions , National Biosphere Reserve Programme, Structure and Design of Biosphere Reserves.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveboard.in\/blog\/biosphere-reserves-of-india-complete-study-notes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biosphere Reserves of India: Complete Study Notes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Biosphere reserves of India\u00a0form an important topic for the UPSC CSE preparation. 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