UPSC Physics Optional Syllabus- Syllabus PAPER – I and PAPER – II

The Union Public Service Commission has published the Physics optional syllabus for 2021 exams through the notification on its official website. Physics as an optional subject for this exam is generally adopted by those who have graduated with this subject as the syllabus is highly specific.

The UPSC Optional Subject rundown comprises 48 subjects, out of which the contender can choose one for both papers. Each discretionary subject includes two papers (Paper I and Paper II), each of 250 marks, making it a sum of 500. The schedule of the discretionary papers is at the distinctions degree level, which is higher than a college degree level yet lower than an expert’s degree level. Up-and-comers can likewise take writing subjects as a discretionary paper. Your decision of optional subjects can generously impact your odds of coming out on top in UPSC 2021.

UPSC Physics optional syllabus 2021

Physics optional syllabus for UPSC: PAPER – I

Section A

1. Classical Mechanics:

1.1. Particle dynamics: Centre of mass and laboratory coordinates, conservation of linear and angular momentum. The rocket equation. Rutherford scattering, Galilean transformation, inertial and non-inertial frames, rotating frames, centrifugal and Coriolis forces, Foucault pendulum.

1.2. System of particles: Constraints, degrees of freedom, generalized coordinates, and momenta. Lagrange’s equation and applications to the linear harmonic oscillator, simple pendulum, and central force problems. Cyclic coordinates, Hamiltonian Lagrange’s equation from Hamilton’s principle.

1.3. Rigid body dynamics: Eulerian angles, inertia tensor, principal moments of inertia. Euler’s equation of motion of a rigid body, the force-free motion of a rigid body. Gyroscope.

2. Special Relativity, Waves & Geometrical Optics:

2.1. Special Relativity: Michelson-Morley experiment and its implications. Lorentz transformations- length contraction, time dilation, the addition of velocities, aberration and Doppler effect, mass-energy relation, simple applications to a decay process. Minkowski diagram, four-dimensional momentum vector. Covariance of equations of physics.

2.2.Waves: Simple harmonic motion, damped oscillation, forced oscillation, and resonance. Beats. Stationary waves in a string. Pulses and wave packets. Phase and group velocities. Reflection and Refraction from Huygens’ principle.

2.3. Geometrical Optics: Laws of reflection and refraction from Fermat’s principle. Matrix method in paraxial optic-thin lens formula, nodal planes, system of two thin lenses, chromatic and spherical aberrations.

3. Physical Optics:

3.1. Interference: Interference of light-Young’s experiment, Newton’s rings, interference by thin films, Michelson interferometer. Multiple beam interference and Fabry-Perot interferometer. Holography and simple applications.

3.2. Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction-single slit, double slit, diffraction grating, resolving power. Fresnel diffraction: – half-period zones and zones plates. Fresnel integrals. Application of Cornu’s spiral to the analysis of diffraction at a straight edge and by a long narrow slit. Diffraction by a circular aperture and the Airy pattern.

3.3. Polarisation and Modern Optics: Production and detection of linearly and circularly polarised light. Double refraction, quarter-wave plate. Optical activity. Principles of fiber optics attenuation; pulse dispersion in step-index and parabolic index fibers; material dispersion, single-mode fibers. Lasers- Einstein A and B coefficients. Ruby and He-Ne lasers. Characteristics of laser light-spatial and temporal coherence. Focussing of laser beams. Three-level scheme for laser operation.

Paper-I

Section B

1. Electricity and Magnetism:

1.1 Electrostatics and Magnetostatics: Laplace ad Poisson equations in electrostatics and their applications. The energy of a system of charges, the multipole expansion of scalar potential. Method of images and their applications. Potential and field due to a dipole, force, and torque on a dipole in an external field. Dielectrics, polarisation. Solutions to boundary-value problems-conducting and dielectric spheres in a uniform electric field. Magnetic shell, uniformly magnetized sphere. Ferromagnetic materials, hysteresis, energy loss.

1.2. Current Electricity: Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law. Self-and mutual-inductances. Mean and RMS values in AC circuits. LR CR and LCR circuits- series and parallel resonance. Quality factor. Principal of transformer.

2. Electromagnetic Theory & Black Body Radiation:

2.1. Electromagnetic Theory: Displacement current and Maxwell’s equations. Wave equations in vacuum, Poynting theorem. Vector and scalar potentials. Gauge invariance, Lorentz and Coulomb gauges. Electromagnetic field tensor, the covariance of Maxwell’s equations. Wave equations in isotropic dielectrics, reflection, and refraction at the boundary of two dielectrics. Fresnel’s relations. Normal and anomalous dispersion. Rayleigh scattering.

2.2. Blackbody radiation: Black body radiation ad Planck radiation law- Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien displacement law, and Rayleigh-Jeans law. Planck mass, Planck length, Planck time,. Planck temperature and Planck energy.

3. Thermal and Statistical Physics:

3.1. Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, entropy. Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric processes, and entropy change. Otto and Diesel engines, Gibbs’ phase rule, and chemical potential. Vander Waals equation of state of a real gas, critical constants. Maxwell-Boltzman distribution of molecular velocities, transport phenomena, equipartition, and virial theorems. Dulong-Petit, Einstein, and Debye’s theories of specific heat of solids. Maxwell relations and applications. Clausius- Clapeyron equation. Adiabatic demagnetization, Joule-Kelvin effect, and liquefaction of gases.

3.2. Statistical Physics: Saha ionization formula. Bose-Einstein condensation. Thermodynamic behavior of an ideal Fermi gas, Chandrasekhar limit, elementary ideas about neutron stars and pulsars. Brownian motion as a random walk, diffusion process. Concept of negative temperatures.

Physics optional syllabus for UPSC: PAPER – II

Section A

1. Quantum Mechanics I:

Wave-particle duality. Schroedinger equation and expectation values. Uncertainty principle. Solutions of the one-dimensional Schroedinger equation-free particle (Gaussian wave-packet), particle in a box, particle in a finite well, linear harmonic oscillator. Reflection and transmission by a potential step and by a rectangular barrier. Use of WKB formula for the lifetime calculation in the alpha-decay problem.

2. Quantum Mechanics II & Atomic Physics:

2.1. Quantum Mechanics II: Particle in a three-dimensional box, the density of states, free electron theory of metals. The angular momentum problem. The hydrogen atom. The spin half problem and properties of Pauli spin matrices.

2.2. Atomic Physics: Stern-Gerlack experiment, electron spin, the fine structure of hydrogen atom. L-S coupling, J-J coupling. Spectroscopic notation of atomic states. Zeeman effect. Frank-Condon principle and applications.

3. Molecular Physics:

Elementary theory of rotational, vibrational, and electronic spectra of diatomic molecules. Raman effect and molecular structure. Laser Raman spectroscopy Importance of neutral hydrogen atom, molecular hydrogen, and molecular hydrogen ion in astronomy Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Elementary theory and applications of NMR. Elementary ideas about Lamb shift and its significance.

Paper-II

Section B

1. Nuclear Physics:

Basic nuclear properties-size, binding energy, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment. Semi-empirical mass formula and applications. Mass parabolas. The ground state of a deuteron magnetic moment and non-central forces. Meson theory of nuclear forces. Salient features of nuclear forces. Shell model of the nucleus-success and limitations. Violation of parity in beta decay. Gamma decay and internal conversion. Elementary ideas about Mossbauer spectroscopy. Q-value of nuclear reactions. Nuclear fission and fusion, energy production in stars. Nuclear reactors.

2. Particle Physics & Solid State Physics:

2.1. Particle Physics: Classification of elementary particles and their interactions. Conservation laws. Quark structure of hadrons. Field quanta of electroweak and strong interactions. Elementary ideas about Unification of Forces. Physics of neutrinos.

2.2. Solid State Physics: Cubic crystal structure. Band theory of solids- conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Elements of superconductivity, Meissner effect, Josephson junctions, and applications. Elementary ideas about high-temperature superconductivity.

3. Electronics:

Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors-p-n-p and n-p-n transistors. Amplifiers and oscillators. Op-amps. FET, JFET, and MOSFET. Digital electronics-Boolean identities, De; Morgan’s laws, Logic gates, and truth tables., Simple logic circuits. Thermistors, solar cells. Fundamentals of microprocessors and digital computers.

Mechanics

Conclusion

We hope through this article; you can now understand the UPSC Physics optional syllabus. Prepare according to the syllabus and impart your previous knowledge of this subject. Be consistent in your revision so that you can pass the exam with flying colors.  

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