Study Notes on Jainism & Buddhism: Get to know everything here

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Study Notes on Buddhism and Jainism

Buddhism and Jainism – Their Emergence

By 6th Century BC, the caste system became highly complicated and the lower caste people faced all socio-economic problems while high caste people led a safe and dignified life. These lower caste people were ready to move to some other religion where there were no such discriminations. An it was during this time new religions like Jainism, Buddhism and many other religions emerged. They acted as an alternative to the present caste system and many other people started following these new religions where they could live a life with dignity.

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Buddhism

• Founder: Siddhartha( also known as Buddha) (563 BC- 483 BC) was born at Lumbini garden near Kapilavastu. Left palace at the age of 29 and started traveling in the search of truth.
• At the age of 35, he was sitting under a Banayan tree modern Bodh Gaya, after taking a bath in the stream of a river Niranjana, modern Lilajan, and obtained enlightenment and became known as Buddha.
• Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath, and this is called “Dharmachakrapracartan” or “Tuning of the weel of law”.
• Taught his followers Four Noble Truths:

1. The world is full of sorrows.
2. Desire is the root cause of sorrow.
3. The desire if conquered, all sorrows can be removed.
4. Desire can be removed by following the Eight Fold Path.

• Eight-Fold Path is right understanding, right speech, right livelihood, right mindfulness, right thought, right action, right effort, right concentration.
• Buddhism was totally against Varna System.
• Buddha died in Kushinagara capital of Mahajanapada in 483 BC.
• After his death four Buddha Councils were held

Council	Year	Place	King	President of Council	Important Features
1	483 BC	Rajgir	Ajatasatru	Mahakassapa	Two important literary works were published          1. Sutta Pitaka: Deals with the life history of Buddha.     2. Vinay Pitaka: Deals with monastic discipline.
2	383 BC	Vaishali	Kalashoka	Sabakami
3	250 BC	Patliputra	Ashoka	Moggliputta Tissa	One of the important literary work was published:                          Abhidhamma Pitaka:  Deals with mystic concept beyond the knowledge.
4	First Century AD	Kundalawana (Kashmir)	Kanishka	Vasumitra	Buddhist split into two:                                      Hinayana: No ideal worship.                             Mahayana: Started Idol worship.

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Sects: 

Hinayana: They believed in the real teachings of Gautam Buddha acquiring Nirvana and they do not believe in ideal worship. Pali language was used in Hinayana text.

Mahayana: Started Idol worship and Sanskrit was used in Mahanaya text.

Vajrayana: They believe that the real teachings of Gautam Buddha is attained by the help of black magic.

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Jainism

• According to Jain tradition, there were 24 Tirthankaras. Rishabha was the first Tirthankara and Vardhaman Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara.
• Mahavira was born in 540 BC Kundagrama near Vaishali, and left his home at the age of 30.
• At the age of 42, he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kevala-Jnana.
• As per Jainism way to Nirvana is also known as Three Ratnatraya involves Right faith, Right knowledge and Right conduct.
• Five carinal principles of Jainism are Ahimsa, Non-Lying, Non-Stealing, Non-Possession, and Brahmacharya. 
• Later divided into two sects: Swethembaras and Digambaras.
• Jain Councils
  1. First Council: held at Patliputra by Sthulabahu at the beginning of the third century BC and resulted in the compilation of 12 Angas.
  2. Second Council: Held at Valabhi in the 5th century AD, under the leadership of Devaradhi Kshamasramana.  Attempt free general awareness mock test on Oliveboard

            

Five types of knowledge:

• Mati Janana.
• Shruta Janana.
• Avadhi Janana.
• Manahparayaya Jnana.
• Keval Jnana.

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