"Of" is correct because it indicates possession or association, tying "the beginning" to "the eighteenth century." The phrase "the beginning of the eighteenth century" is widely used to express the start of a century.
Hence, option (c) is the answer.
Option (a): This would suggest a specific point within the eighteenth century, such as "in 1720." However, the phrase "from the beginning" implies a broader time frame, making "in" incorrect here.
Option (b): "On" is used to indicate surface placement or specific days/dates (e.g., "on Monday" or "on the table"). It does not fit here because the sentence refers to a period of time, not a surface or a specific date.
Option (d): "About" suggests approximation or a topic of discussion (e.g., "about the eighteenth century" or "tell me about it"). This does not work here because the sentence specifically refers to the start of the century, not a vague or approximate reference.