| 1. Discrete Structures & Optimization | Mathematical Logic | Propositional & Predicate Logic, Equivalences, Normal Forms, Quantifiers, Rules of Inference |
| Sets & Relations | Set operations, Relation properties, Equivalence relations, Partial ordering |
| Counting & Probability | Counting principles, Pigeonhole, Permutations, Combinations, Inclusion-Exclusion, Induction, Probability, Bayes' theorem |
| Group Theory | Groups, Subgroups, Semigroups, Isomorphism, Homomorphism, Rings, Fields, Applications |
| Graph Theory | Graph types, Paths & Circuits, Eulerian/Hamiltonian, Trees, Graph Coloring, Spanning Trees, Shortest Path |
| Boolean Algebra | Boolean functions, Simplification methods |
| Optimization | Linear Programming, Simplex/Dual Simplex, Integer Programming, Transportation/Assignment, PERT-CPM |
| 2. Computer System Architecture | Digital Logic & Components | Logic gates, Flip-Flops, Combinational & Sequential Circuits, Memory Unit |
| Data Representation | Number systems, Fixed/Floating point, Error detection, Arithmetic algorithms |
| Register Transfer & Microoperations | Register transfer, Bus & Memory operations, Arithmetic/Logic/Shift operations |
| Computer Organization & CPU | Instruction cycle, CPU design, RISC/CISC, Pipeline & Vector processing |
| I/O & Memory | Peripheral devices, DMA, Cache, Virtual memory, Multiprocessors |
| 3. Programming & Computer Graphics | Language Design | Programming paradigms, Translation, Binding, Syntax |
| Data Types & C Programming | Scalar/Composite types, Arrays, Pointers, Functions, File handling |
| OOP & C++ | Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Templates, Exception handling |
| Web Programming | HTML, XML, Java, Servlets, Applets |
| Computer Graphics | Raster/Random scan, Line/Circle/Ellipse algorithms, 2D/3D transformations, Viewing, Clipping |
| 4. Database Management Systems | DB Concepts & Architecture | Data models, Schemas, DB Languages, Client-Server Architecture |
| Data Modeling & SQL | ER Diagram, Relational model, Constraints, Queries, Views, Triggers |
| Normalization & Query Optimization | Functional dependencies, Transaction processing, Recovery, Security |
| Advanced DB & Big Data | Temporal, Multimedia, Distributed DBs, Data Warehousing, Data Mining, NOSQL, Hadoop |
| 5. System Software & OS | System Software | Compilers, Interpreters, Loaders, Debuggers |
| OS Basics & Process Management | Structure, Services, Process Scheduling, Synchronization, Threads |
| CPU Scheduling & Deadlocks | Scheduling algorithms, Deadlock prevention/avoidance/detection |
| Memory & Storage Management | Paging, Segmentation, Disk management, RAID |
| File & I/O Systems | File system structures, I/O interfaces, Recovery |
| Security & Virtualization | Cryptography, Access control, Virtual Machines |
| Linux & Windows OS | Kernel, Process, Memory, File system, Networking |
| Distributed Systems | Network OS, File systems, Protocols |
| 6. Software Engineering | Process Models | Agile, XP, Scrum, COCOMO, Component-based, Formal Methods |
| Requirements & Design | SRS, Use cases, Architecture, Patterns, OO Design |
| Software Quality | McCall's/ISO factors, Risk management, Reliability |
| Estimation & Scheduling | LOC/FP estimation, Project scheduling, Staffing |
| Testing & SCM | Unit/Integration testing, Regression, Version control, Reuse |
| 7. Data Structures & Algorithms | Data Structures | Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, Graphs, Hashing |
| Algorithms & Analysis | Complexity, Recurrences, Divide & Conquer, Dynamic Programming, Greedy, Backtracking, Graph Algorithms, NP-Completeness |
| Advanced Algorithms | Parallel, Approximation, Randomized algorithms |
| 8. Theory of Computation & Compilers | Computation Theory | Formal languages, Non-computational problems, Turing Machines |
| Regular & Context-Free Languages | DFA, NFA, Regex, PDA, CNF, GNF, Parsing techniques |
| Syntax & Semantic Analysis | Attribute grammar, Type checking, Dependency graphs |
| Code Generation & Optimization | Intermediate code, Control/Data flow analysis, Peep-hole optimization |
| 9. Data Communication & Networks | Data Communication | Signals, Bandwidth, Encoding, Transmission, Multiplexing, Errors |
| Computer Networks | LAN/MAN/WAN, Topologies, Protocols, OSI & TCP/IP, Routing |
| Internet & Web | URL, DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, TELNET |
| Network Security | Cryptography, VPN, Firewalls, Malware |
| Mobile & Cloud | GSM/CDMA, Mobile IP, Wireless LAN, SaaS, PaaS, IoT |
| 10. Artificial Intelligence | AI Approaches | Turing Test, Rational Agents, Heuristic Search, Game Playing |
| Knowledge Representation | Logic, Semantic networks, Frames, Expert systems |
| Planning | Linear/Non-linear, STRIPS, Partial Order, Goal Stack |
| NLP | Parsing, Semantic analysis |
| Multi-Agent Systems | Agents, Semantic Web, Knowledge sharing, Ontologies |
| Fuzzy Sets | Membership, Fuzzification, Fuzzy rules, Control systems |
| Genetic Algorithms | Encoding, Operators, Fitness, GA cycle |
| Artificial Neural Networks | Supervised/Unsupervised/Reinforcement, Perceptrons, MLP, Hopfield networks |
Study Notes
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