The third position needs a preposition to help quantify 'half a million' and 'about' is apt here. The last position needs a preposition to help qualify the noun 'the leaders', so 'among' is best suited here. The second position has the adjective 'small' preceding it, and the most apt word to go with it out of the remaining two words would be 'population' because 'prosperity' cannot be small, so the last remaining word 'prosperity' will come at the first position. Therefore, the correct order is BADC.
Correct sentence - Malta, with its relative prosperity and small population of about half a million people, has been among the leaders in European vaccination rates
Hence, the correct option is (c).