(I): The seminar focused on ancient philosophical theories under computational latency thresholds
Grammatically okay, but contextually invalid: Theories from ancient philosophy and computational latency are conceptually unrelated.
(II): The real-time processing system failed to deliver results under computational latency thresholds
Grammatically correct and contextually perfect: The system failed to meet latency expectations - exactly the kind of scenario where this phrase is relevant.
(III): The research on Hellenistic logic was widely appreciated, though it was never examined under computational latency thresholds in the context of present-day machine learning.
Grammatically fine, but contextually mismatched: "Hellenistic logic" is not typically evaluated using computational latency parameters - that would be a forced and illogical pairing.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.